المصادر :
المصادر - الهوامش - :
(1) Stepp 2000; Garbarino 1999; Hine 1999; McAdoo
1999b; Gibbs et al. 1998; He
rsch
1998; Hewlett
and West 1998; Côté and Allahar 1996; Weissbourd 1996; Strasburger 1995;
Panel on High-Risk Youth 1993; Elkind 1984
[2] Annie E. Casey Foundation
2000; Council of Economic Advisors 2000; Poussaint and Alexander 2000; Ozer et
al. 1998; Clarke 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997;
National Coalition 1994.
[3] Council of Economic Advisors
2000; Children’s Defense Fund 2000; Snyder and Sickmund 1999. • [4]
Snyder and Sickmund 1999
[5] Council of Economic Advisors
2000; Snyder and Sickmund 1999
[6] Children’s Defense Fund
2000; Schoen et al. 1998; Louis Harris 1995
[7] Scales in press.
[8] Children’s Defense Fund
2000; Council of Economic Advisors 2000; Poussaint and Alexander 2000; McAdoo
1999b; Gibbs et al. 1998; Ozer et al. 1998; Resnick et al. 1997; National
Coalition 1994
[9] Carnegie Council 1995
Stepp 2000; Benson et al. 1999; Blos 1962 [10]
[11] Bales 2000; Council of
Economic Advisors 2000; Fitzgerald 2000; Benson et al. 1999; Youniss and Yates
1997
[12] Bostrom 2000b; Youniss and
Yates 1997.
[13] Elkind 1993
[14] Youth Development 2000;
Zeldin, Camino, and Wheeler 2000; Benson et al. 1998; Pittman and Fleming 1991
[15] Scales in press; Benson et
al. 1999; Resnick et al. 1997
[16] Annie E. Casey Foundation
2000; Council of Economic Advisors 2000; Clarke 1997.
[17] Council of Economic
Advisors 2000; Children’s Defense Fund 2000.
[18] Borkowski, Ramey, and
Bristol-Power in press; Council of Economic Advisors 2000; Dishion, McCord, and
Poulin 1999; Furstenberg et al. 1999; Holden 1997; Resnick et al. 1997;
Steinberg 1996; Carnegie Council 1995; Hauser 1991; Feldman and Elliott 1990;
Small 1990; Office of National Drug Control Policy n.d.
[19] Bostrom 2000b; Galinsky
1999; Garbarino 1999; Osherson 1999; U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services 1997; Steinberg 1996; Louis Harris 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
Brooks-Gunn 1995; Children Now 1994; Smetana 1994; Smetana and Asquith 1994;
Families and Work Institute 1993; Takanishi 1993; National Commission on
Children 1991; Pogrebin 1983.
[20] Bostrom 2000a,b; Belkin
1999; Duffett, Johnson, and Farkas 1999; Goodman 1999; Leonard 1999; Meredith
1999; Hewlett and West 1998.
[21] Simpson 1997; Carnegie Council
1995; Small and Eastman 1991; Small 1990.
Kipke 1999b; Ponton 1997; Comer and Poussaint
1992; Small 1990; Powell 1986 (22)
Riegler 1999 ( 23 )
(24) Dinkmeyer et al .1998
(25) Bevolek 1988a,b,c,d.
(26) Sheriff1999
27] Carnegie
Council 1995
[28] See, for example,
Forum on Adolescence 2000; Fischhoff, Crowell, and Kipke 1999; Kipke
1999a,b.
[29] See the Program on
Human and Community Development description within the Foundation’s web site, www.macfound.org/research/hcd/index.htm.
[30] See, for example, Benson et al. 1999;
Scales and Leffert 1999.
[31] See, for example,
Youth Development 2000; Gambone and Arbreton 1997.
[32] For further
examples, see Hass 1998; National Clearinghouse on Families and Youth 199
33]
See, for example, Blum and Rinehart n.d.; Resnick et al. 1997.
[34] See, for example, Pruitt 1999; American
Academy of Pediatrics 1991.
[35] Lipton 2000.
[36] Entin 1999.
[37] Arnett 1999; Christenson and Roberts
1998; Hewlett and West 1998; Schulenberg et al. 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
Brooks-Gunn 1995; Strasburger 1995.
[38] Duffett, Johnson, and Farkas 1999;
Garbarino 1999; Hersch 1998; Maggs, Schulenberg, and Hurrelmann 1997.
[39] Stepp 1997.
[40] Scales in press; Bales 2000; Christenson and Roberts 1998;
Côté and Allahar 1996.
[41] Amundson, Lichter,
and Lichter 2000; Gibbs 1998b; Dorfman et al. 1997; Kunkel 1996; Woodruff,
Dorfman, and Winett 1995.
[42] Kunkel, Rollin, and
Biely 1999.
[43 ] Heintz-Knowles
2000.
[44] Aubrun and Grady
2000a; Scales, Lucero, and Halvorson 1998; Children Now 1994.
[45] Scales in press; Bostrom 2000b; Duffett, Johnson, and
Farkas 1999; Farkas and Johnson 1997.
[46] Duffett, Johnson,
and Farkas 1999.
[47] Bostrom 2000b;
National Issues Forums Institute 2000.
[48] Pitzer 1999;
Simpson 1997; Small and Eastman 1991.
[49] Turow 1999;
Carnegie Council 1995.
[50] Harris 1998
[51] Cassidy 1998;
Ehrensaft 1997.
[52] Stepp 2000; 1997.
[53] Simpson 1997. Copies of the 1997 report are available from
the Harvard Center for Health Communication; see inside front cover of this
report.
[54] Collins et al. 2000; Steinberg 2000
[55] Simpson 1997; see also Steinberg 2000.
[56] Smith et al. 1994.
[57] U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services 1997; Cooke et al. 1996; Family Resource Coalition
1996; Bredehoft and Cassidy 1995; Dunst 1995.
[58] See, for example,
Bornstein in press; Lerner and Lerner in press; Lerner 1999; Smith 1999;
Bornstein 1995a; Lerner, Petersen, and Brooks-Gunn 1991.
[59] See, for example,
Stepp 2000; Carter 1996
[60] Kimmel and Weiner
1985; Elder 1975; Blos 1962.
[61] Phelan 1998; Elliott
and Feldman 1990; Csikszentmihalyi and Larson 1984.
[62] Elliott and Feldman 1990; Kimmel and Weiner 1985; Blos
1962.
[63] Elder 1975.
[64] Crockett 1997;
Mahdi, Christopher, and Meade 1996.
[65] Côté and Allahar
1996; Campion 1995.
[66] Holmbeck, Paikoff,
and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Kagan 1972; Blos 1962.
[67] Arnett 2000; Jessor,
Donovan, and Costa 1991; White, Speisman, and Costos 1983; Blos 1962
[68] Arnett 2000;
Jessor, Donovan, and Costa 1991; White, Speisman, and Costos 1983.
[69] Furstenberg et al.
1999; LeVine 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997; Small and
Eastman 1991.
[70] Holmbeck, Paikoff,
and Brooks-Gunn 1995; LeVine 1988.
71] See, for example, McAdoo 1999b; Tatum 1997; McGoldrick, Giordano,
and Pearce 1996.
[72] Dombro et al.
1996; Wallack et al. 1993.
[73] Simpson 199
هوامش المباديء والقرائن
) 1] Fischhoff, Crowell, and Kipke 1999;
Carnegie Council 1995
[2]
Furman, Brown, and Feiring 1999; Kipke 1999a; Miller and Benson 1999;
Brooks-Gunn and Paikoff 1997; Furman and Wehner 1997; Susman 1997; McClintock
and Herdt 1996; Dyk 1993; Koch 1993; Rickel and Hendren 1993; Savin-Williams
and Rodriguez 1993; Buchanan, Eccles, and Becker 1992; BrooksGunn and Reiter
1990; Katchadourian 1990; Susman et al. 1987; Brooks-Gunn, Petersen, and Eichorn
1985.
[3] Fischhoff, Crowell, and Kipke 1999;
Fischer and Rose 1994; Flavell, Miller, and Miller 1993; Elkind 1984; Keating
1980; Kuhn and Angelev 1976; Kohlberg and Gilligan 1972; Piaget 1972
[4] Damon 1997; Eisenberg, Murphy, and
Shepard 1997; Selman and Schultz 1990; Damon and Hart 1982; Selman 1980; Elkind
1967.
[5] Fischhoff, Crowell, and Kipke 1999; Kipke
1999b; Lightfoot 1997; Ponton 1997; Gordon 1996; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996;
Collins and Laursen 1992; Nurmi 1991; Hauser and Bowlds 1990; Selman and
Schultz 1990; Worell and Danner 1989; Baumrind 1987; Selman 1980.
[6] Damon 1999, 1997; Coles 1997; Wallace and
Williams 1997; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and
Brillon 1995; McAdoo 1995; Fowler et al. 1991; Gilligan and Attanucci 1988;
Hoffman 1980; Kohlberg and Gilligan 1972; Kohlberg 1969.
[7] Larson and Richards 1994; Brown 1993;
Buchanan, Eccles, and Becker 1992; Brooks-Gunn and Reiter 1990; Coleman and
Hendry 1990; Fischer, Shaver, and Carnochan 1990, 1989; Selman and Schultz
1990; Harter and Buddin 1987; Damon and Hart 1982; Selman 1980; Elkind
1967.
[8] Maccoby 1998; Way 1998; Furman and Wehner
1997; Berndt and Perry 1990; Savin-Williams and Berndt 1990; Selman and Schultz
1990; Berndt 1989; Youniss and Smollar 1985; Csikszentmihalyi and Larson 1984;
Selman 1980; Sullivan 1953.
[9] Baumeister and Vohs in press; Demo,
Allen, and Fine 2000; Grotevant et al. 2000; Harter 1999; Kindlon and Thompson
1999; McAdoo 1999b; Newberger 1999; Brodzinsky, Smith, and Brodzinsky 1998;
Pollack 1998; Way 1998; Phinney and Kohatsu 1997; Tatum 1997; Kroger 1996;
Kegan 1994, 1982; Vondracek 1994; Surrey 1991; Spencer, Swanson, and Cunningham
1991; Spencer and Markstrom-Adams 1990; Marcia 1980, 1966; Erikson 1968.
[10] Demo, Allen, and Fine 2000; Youth
Development 2000; Zeldin, Camino, and Wheeler 2000; McAdoo 1999b; Benson et al.
1998; Damon 1997; Youniss and Yates 1997; Graber, Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen
1996; Hamilton and Lempert 1996; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996;
Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; Nightingale and Wolverton 1993; Vondracek, Lerner,
and Schulenberg 1986.
[11] Collins et al. 2000; Arnett 1999;
Grotevant 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Larson et al. 1996; Silverberg
and Gondoli 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
BrooksGunn 1995; Kegan 1994; Noller 1994; Smetana and Asquith 1994; Hauser
1991; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Collins 1990; Youniss and Smollar 1985; Bengtson
and Kuypers 1971.
[12] Havighurst 1972.
[13] Burt 1998; Christenson and Roberts 1998;
Masten and Coatsworth 1998; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997;
Carnegie Council 1995; Hauser 1991; Hooker 1991; Steinberg 1991b; Ingersoll
1989; Davis 1985; Havighurst 1972.
[14] Siegler 1997; Steinberg and Levine 1997;
Tatum 1997; Elkind 1994; Youngs 1993.
[15] Erikson 1968; Winnicott 1965; Blos
1962.
[16] Hauser and Bowlds 1990.
[17] McCubbin et al. 1999; McAdoo 1999b;
Graber, Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen 1996; Eron, Gentry, and Schlegel 1994;
Sandler, Levine, and Coleman 1991
[18] Kegan 1994.
[19] Davis 1985
[20] Furman, Brown, and Feiring 1999; Kipke 1999a; Miller and
Benson 1999; Brooks-Gunn and Paikoff 1997; Furman and Wehner 1997; Susman 1997;
McClintock and Herdt 1996; Dyk 1993; Koch 1993; Rickel and Hendren 1993;
Savin-Williams and Rodriguez 1993; Buchanan, Eccles, and Becker 1992;
BrooksGunn and Reiter 1990; Katchadourian 1990; Susman et al. 1987;
Brooks-Gunn, Petersen, and Eichorn 1985.
[21] Fischhoff, Crowell,
and Kipke 1999; Fischer and Rose 1994; Flavell, Miller, and Miller 1993; Elkind
1984; Keating 1980; Kuhn and Angelev 1976; Kagan 1972; Kohlberg and Gilligan
1972; Piaget 1972.
[22] Damon 1997;
Eisenberg, Murphy, and Shepard 1997; Selman and Schultz 1990; Damon and Hart
1982; Selman 1980; Elkind 1967.
[23] Fischhoff, Crowell,
and Kipke 1999; Gordon 1996; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; Collins and Laursen
1992; Nurmi 1991; Hauser and Bowlds 1990; Selman and Schultz 1990; Worell and
Danner 1989; Selman 1980
[24] Garbarino 1999;
Lightfoot 1997; Ponton 1997; Baumrind 1987
[25] Fischhoff, Crowell, and Kipke 1999; Scales and Leffert
1999; Beyth-Marom and Fischhoff 1997; Lightfoot 1997; Ponton 1997; Carnegie
Council 1995; Strasburger 1995; Steinberg 1991a.
[26]
Damon 1999, 1997; Coles 1997; Gilligan and Attanucci 1988; Hoffman 1980;
Kohlberg and Gilligan 1972; Kohlberg 1969.
[27] Wallace and
Williams 1997; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996; McAdoo 1995; Fowler et
al. 1991.
[28] Larson and Richards
1994; Brown 1993; Fischer, Shaver, and Carnochan 1990; Selman and Schultz 1990;
Harter and Buddin 1987; Selman 1980.
[29] Kipke 1999a; Larson
and Richards 1994; Brown 1993; Buchanan, Eccles, and Becker 1992; Brooks-Gunn
and Reiter 1990; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Damon and Hart 1982; Elkind 1967
[30] Maccoby 1998; Way
1998; Furman and Wehner 1997; Hartup and Overhauser 1991; Berndt and Perry
1990; Savin-Williams and Berndt 1990; Selman and Schultz 1990; Youniss and
Smollar 1985; Csikszentmihalyi and Larson 1984; Selman 1980.
[31] Baumeister and Vohs
in press; Garbarino 1999; Harter 1999; Kindlon and Thompson 1999; Newberger
1999; Pollack 1998; Way 1998; Kroger 1996; Taylor, Gilligan, and Sullivan 1995;
Kegan 1994, 1982; Vondracek 1994; Brown and Gilligan 1992; Scales 1991; Surrey
1991; Hamilton 1990; Savin-Williams and Berndt 1990; Youniss and Smollar 1985;
Marcia 1980; Erikson 1968.
32] McAdoo 1999b; Phinney and Kohatsu 1997; Tatum 1997; García
Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995; Hill et al. 1994; Spencer, Swanson, and
Cunningham 1991; Spencer and Markstrom-Adams 1990.
[33] Grotevant et al.
2000; McCubbin et al. 1999; Brodzinsky, Smith, and Brodzinsky 1998; McCubbin et
al. 1998a; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996.
[34] Rhodes in press;
Zeldin, Camino, and Wheeler 2000; Benson et al. 1998; Damon 1997; Youniss and
Yates 1997; Graber, Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen 1996; Hamilton and Lempert 1996;
Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; Nightingale and Wolverton 1993; Vondracek, Lerner,
and Schulenberg 1986.
[35] Arnett 2000;
Csikszentmihalyi and Schneider 2000; McAdoo 1999b; Bavolek 1997; Graber,
Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen 1996; Harkness and Super 1996; McGoldrick, Giordano,
and Pearce 1996; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon
1995; Nightingale and Wolverton 1993
[36] Collins et al.
2000; Arnett 1999; Grotevant 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Larson et
al. 1996; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995;
Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Kegan 1994; Noller 1994; Hauser 1991;
Coleman and Hendry 1990; Collins 1990; Youniss and Smollar 1985; Bengtson and
Kuypers 1971.
[37] Giedd et al. 1999;
Diamond and Hopson 1998; Fischer and Rose 1994.
[38] Davies and Rose
1999; Yurgelun-Todd 1998; Fischer and Rose 1994
[39] Susman 1997;
Buchanan, Eccles, and Becker 1992
40] Grotevant 1998; Belenky, Bond, and Weinstock 1997; Heath
1996a,b; Levinson 1996, 1978; Steinberg 1994; Heath 1991; Belenky et al. 1986;
Erikson 1985, 1968; White, Speisman, and Costos 1983; Kegan 1982.
[41] Unell and Wyckoff
2000; Hamner and Turner 1996; Ryff and Seltzer 1996; Galinsky 1987.
[42] Grotevant 1998;
Kegan 1994; Steinberg 1994; Hauser 1991.
[43] Grotevant 1998;
Newberger 1980.
[44] Kegan 1994.
[45] Demo, Allen, and
Fine 2000.
[46] Kegan 1994; Smetana
1994; Smetana and Asquith 1994; Galinsky 1987; Newberger 1980.
[47] Kegan 1994.
[48] García Coll, Surrey,
and Weingarten 1998
49] Eccles et al. 1993.
[50] Carnegie Council
1995.
[51] Garbarino 1999;
McCubbin et al. 1999; Schoen et al. 1998; Schoen et al. 1997; Carnegie Council
1995; Jackson and Rodriguez-Tomé 1993.
[52] Belenky, Bond, and
Weinstock 1997; Holden 1997; Heath 1996a,b; Levinson 1996, 1978; Ryff and
Seltzer 1996; Crnic and Acevedo 1995; Kegan 1994; Steinberg 1994; Galinsky
1987; Belenky et al. 1986; Erikson 1985, 1968; Kegan 1982; Newberger 1980.
[53] Grotevant 1998;
Silverberg 1996; Ryff and Seltzer 1996; Carnegie Council 1995; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Steinberg 1994; Elkind 1993; Collins 1990; Davis
1985.
)54]
Grotevant 1998; Steinberg 1994; Small and Eastman 1991; Galinsky 1987; Davis
1985.
[55] Steinberg 2000,
1994; Galinsky 1987; Newberger 1980.
[56] Steinberg 1994;
Davis 1985.
[57] Silverberg 1996;
Steinberg 1994.
[58] McAdoo 1999b; Taylor
and Wang 1997; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996.
[59] Kegan 1994;
Steinberg 1994.
[60] Dishion, McCord,
and Poulin 1999; Kumpfer 1999; Carnegie Council 1995
[61] Steinberg 2000;
Arnett 1999; Gorman 1998; Grotevant 1998; Weingarten 1998; Larson et al. 1996;
Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Adams, Gullotta, and Markstrom-Adams 1994;
Collins 1992, 1990; Youniss, DeSantis, and Henderson 1992; Hauser 1991;
Montemayor and Flannery 1991; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Youniss and Smollar
1985; Montemayor 1983.
62] Bavolek 1997; Harkness and Super 1996; McGoldrick, Giordano,
and Pearce 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995.
[63] Read 2000; Garwick
et al. 1999; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995;
Hodapp 1995.
[64] Silverberg and
Gondoli 1996; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Hauser 1991.
[65] Arnett 1999;
Grotevant 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; García Coll, Meyer, and
Brillon 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Coleman and
Hendry 1990.
[66] Steinberg 2000;
Arnett 1999; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995.
[67] Arnett 1999;
Grotevant 1998; Laursen, Coy, and Collins 1998; Larson et al. 1996; Noller
1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990.
[68] Holmbeck, Paikoff,
and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Strasburger 1995; Noller 1994; Steinberg 1991a,b; Coleman
and Hendry 1990; Collins 1990.
[69]
Greenspan 1997; Holden 1997; Bornstein 1995b; Smith et al. 1994
[70] Furstenberg et al. 1999; Frydenberg
1997; Coleman and Hendry 1990.
[71] Furstenberg et al. 1999; Kipke 1999b;
Beyth-Marom and Fischhoff 1997.
[72] Galambos and Ehrenberg 1997; Phinney and
Kohatsu 1997; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Hauser and Bowlds 1990;
Steinberg 1990; Winnicott 1965.
[73] Carnegie Council 1995; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Zill and Nord 1994; Youniss and
Smollar 1985.
74]
Fletcher, Steinberg, and Sellers 1999; Holden 1997; U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services 1997; Carnegie Council 1995; Chao 1994; Larson and Richards
1994; Noller 1994; Smith et al. 1994.
[75] Collins et al. 2000; Scales and Leffert 1999; Grotevant 1998;
Holden 1997; Mason, Cauce, and Gonzales 1997; Baumrind 1996; Holmbeck, Paikoff,
and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Steinberg and Darling
1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990.
[76] Collins et al. 2000; Brody and Flor
1998; Gorman 1998; Taylor, Seaton, and Rodriguez 1998; Mason, Cauce, and
Gonzales 1997; Taylor 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997;
Baumrind 1996; Chao 1994; Steinberg and Darling 1994; Steinberg et al.
1991.
[77] Collins et al. 2000; Holden and Miller
1999; Bornstein 1998; García Coll, Surrey, and Weingarten 1998; Grotevant 1998;
Holden 1997; Heath 1996a,b; Ryff and Seltzer 1996; Luster and Okagaki 1993b;
Small and Eastman 1991; Youniss and Smollar 1985; Belsky, Robins, and Gamble
1984 .
78]
Collins et al. 2000; Holden and Miller 1999; Bornstein 1998; Grotevant 1998;
Bogenschneider, Small, and Tsay 1997; Holden 1997; Heath 1996a,b;
Csikszentmihalyi et al. 1993; Luster and Okagaki 1993a; Small and Eastman 1991;
Belsky, Robins, and Gamble 1984.
[79] Demo, Allen, and Fine 2000; McCubbin et
al. 1999; Brodzinsky, Smith, and Brodzinsky 1998; García Coll, Surrey, and
Weingarten 1998; Grotevant 1998; Steinberg 1994.
[80] Collins et al. 2000; Csikszentmihalyi and
Schneider 2000; Demo, Allen, and Fine 2000; Furstenberg et al. 1999; Holden and
Miller 1999; Kipke 1999b; McAdoo 1999b; McCubbin et al. 1999; McLoyd 1998,
1997; Sameroff, Peck, and Eccles 1998; Crockett 1997; Holden 1997; Eccles and
Harold 1996; Heath 1996a,b; Garbarino 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn
1995; Feldman and Rosenthal 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Small and Eastman 1991;
Bronfenbrenner 1986; Belsky, Robins, and Gamble 1984. [81] Collins et al. 2000; Holden and Miller
1999; Grotevant 1998; Holden 1997; Belsky, Robins, and Gamble 1984.
[82]
Jarrett 1999; Myers-Walls 1999; Frydenberg 1997; Phinney and Kohatsu 1997;
Baumrind 1996; Heath 1996a,b; Carnegie Council 1995; Strasburger 1995; Kegan
1994; Noller 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Steinberg 1990.
[83]
Shure 2000; Garbarino 1999; Greenspan 1999, 1997.
[84] Hauser 1999; Noam 1999; Kagan 1998;
Haggerty et al. 1996; Werner 1990.
[85] Dishion, McCord, and Poulin 1999;
Jarrett 1999, 1997; Kumpfer 1999; Taylor and Biglan 1998; Youniss and Yates
1997; Carnegie Council 1995; McLoyd 1990
86]
Forum on Adolescence 2000; Furstenberg et al. 1999; Kipke 1999a; McAdoo 1999b;
Scales and Leffert 1999; Laub and Lauritsen 1998; Sameroff, Peck, and Eccles
1998; Carnegie Council 1995; Garbarino 1995; McAdoo 1995; Taylor and Roberts
1995; Harrison et al. 1990.
[87] Furstenberg et al. 1999; Galinsky 1999;
Kipke 1999a; Scales and Leffert 1999; Hewlett and West 1998; McLoyd 1998, 1997;
Bogenschneider, Small, and Tsay 1997; Holden 1997; Eccles and Harold 1996;
Carnegie Council 1995; Gottfried, Gottfried, and Bathurst 1995; Smith et al.
1994; Steinberg 1994 [88] Eccles and
Harold 1996.
[89]
Galinsky 1999; Hewlett and West 1998.
[90] Youth Development 2000; Furstenberg et
al. 1999; Scales and Leffert 1999.
هامش الأسس الخمسة لتربية المراهقين
[1]
Carnegie Council 1995.
[2] Greenspan 1997; Bornstein 1995b.
[3] Small and Eastman 1991.
[4] Holden 1997; Alvy 1994; Smith et al.
1994.
[5] Scales and Leffert 1999.
[6]
See also Small and Eastman 1991.
[7] Bornstein 1995b; Smith et al. 1994.
[8] Collins et al. 2000; Reiss 2000;
Garbarino 1999; Gobeli 1999; Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Kipke 1999a; Scales and
Leffert 1999; Resnick et al. 1997; Carnegie Council 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff,
and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Kegan 1994; Noller 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Hauser 1991;
Coleman and Hendry 1990; Collins 1990; Hauser and Bowlds 1990; Steinberg 1990;
Jessor and Jessor 1977.
[9] Garbarino 1999; Gray and Steinberg 1999b;
Smith 1999; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Kegan 1994; Larson and Richards 1994; Noller
1994; Smith et al. 1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Steinberg 1990; Youniss and
Smollar 1985; Maccoby and Martin 1983.
[10] Bostrom 2000b; Galinsky 1999; Garbarino
1999; Osherson 1999; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997;
Steinberg 1996; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Families and Work
Institute 1993; Takanishi 1993; National Commission 1991; Pogrebin 1983.
[11] Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Shulman and
SeiffgeKrenke 1997; Holmbeck 1996; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; Hauser 1991.
[12]
Arnett 1999; Grotevant 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Kegan 1994; Noller 1994; Coleman and Hendry
1990; Collins 1990.
[13] Steinberg 2000; Arnett 1999; Gorman
1998; Grotevant 1998; Weingarten 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Larson
et al. 1996; Silverberg and Gondoli 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995;
Holmbeck, Paikoff, and BrooksGunn 1995; Collins 1992, 1990; Youniss, DeSantis,
and Henderson 1992; Hauser 1991; Montemayor and Flannery 1991; Coleman and
Hendry 1990; Youniss and Smollar 1985; Montemayor 1983.
[14] Arnett 1999; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke
1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Coleman and Hendry
1990.
[15] Grotevant 1998; Baumrind 1996; Noller
1994; Collins 1990; Steinberg 1990.
[16] Gray and Steinberg 1999a; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Steinberg 1994; Collins 1990; Galinsky
1987.
[17] Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995;
Noller 1994; Surrey 1991; Collins 1990.
[18] Steinberg 2000; Arnett 1999; Benson,
Galbraith, and Espeland 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Holmbeck,
Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Hauser and Bowlds 1990; Winnicott
1965
[19]
Stepp 2000; Eberly and Montemayor 1999; Gobeli 1999; Benson, Galbraith, and
Espeland 1998; Diamond and Hopson 1998; Shulman and Seiffge-Krenke 1997;
Steinberg and Levine 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Larson and
Richards 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Hauser 1991; Collins 1990
20]
Garbarino 1999; Miller 1998; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997;
Chamberlain and Patterson 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Small
and Eastman 1991; Steinberg 1991b; Patterson and Forgatch 1987.
[21] Garbarino 1999; Gray and Steinberg
1999b; Jarrett 1999, 1997; Brody and Flor 1998; Elliott, Hamburg, and Williams
1998; Miller 1998; Holden 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1997; Chamberlain and Patterson 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995;
Zill and Nord 1994. [22] Eccles and
Harold 1996; Zill and Nord 1994.
[23] Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Brody and Flor
1998; Dryfoos 1998; Holden 1997; Eccles and Harold 1996; Carnegie Council 1995;
Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Zill and Nord 1994; Entwisle
1990.
[24] Eccles and Harold 1996
[25]
Diamond, Savin-Williams, and Dube 1999; Larson, Clore, and Wood 1999; Tolman
1999; Maccoby 1998; Achterberg and Shannon 1993; Rickel and Hendren 1993;
Savin-Williams and Rodriguez 1993.
[26] Garbarino 1999; U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services 1998; Compas and Hammen 1996; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
Brooks-Gunn 1995.
[27] Poussaint and Alexander 2000; Jamison
1999; Grotevant 1998; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997.
[28] Peterson et al. 1997; Compas and Hammen
1996.
[29] Kipke 1999a; Carnegie Council 1995.
[30] Duffett, Johnson, and Farkas 1999.
[31] Kipke 1999a.
[32] Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Carnegie
Council 1995; Chamberlain and Patterson 1995; Miller 1998; U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995;
Steinberg 1991b.
[33] Council of Economic Advisors 2000;
Csikszentmihalyi and Schneider 2000; Families and Work Institute 2000; Hamilton
1999b; Newman 1999; Youniss and Yates 1997; Graber, Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen
1996; Nightingale and Wolverton 1993.
[34] Council of Economic Advisors 2000;
Families and Work Institute 2000.
35]
Children’s Defense Fund 2000; Roberts 2000; Roberts et al. 1999.
[36] Roberts 2000; Gentile and Walsh 1999;
Roberts et al. 1999.
[37] Roberts 2000; Gentile and Walsh 1999;
Roberts et al. 1999.
[38] Brown and Cantor 2000; Children’s Defense
Fund 2000; Roberts 2000.
[39] Brown and Cantor 2000; Cantor 2000;
Christenson, Henriksen, and Roberts 2000; Garbarino 1999; Kunkel, Rollin, and
Biely 1999; Roberts, Henriksen, and Christenson 1999; Singer et al. 1999;
Heintz-Knowles 1998; Damon 1997; Carnegie Council 1995; Strasburger 1995;
Roberts 1993.
[40] Children’s Defense Fund 2000; Gentile
and Walsh 1999; Christenson and Roberts 1998; Damon 1997; Roberts 1993
41]
Brody and Flor 1998; Holden 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1997; Baumrind 1996; Carnegie Council 1995; Chamberlain and Patterson 1995;
Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Smith et al. 1994;
Steinberg and Darling 1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990.
[42] Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Smetana 1994;
Smetana and Asquith 1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Youniss and Smollar
1985.
[43] Fletcher, Steinberg, and Sellers 1999;
Brody and Flor 1998; Holden 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1997; Baumrind 1996; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994;
Smith et al. 1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990
[44]
Furstenberg et al. 1999; Holden and Miller 1999; Baumrind 1996; García Coll,
Meyer, and Brillon 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Chao 1994;
Steinberg 1990; Youniss and Smollar 1985.
[45] Arnett 1999; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995.
[46] Phelan 1998; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
Brooks-Gunn 1995; Patterson and Forgatch 1987.
[47] Straus 1994.
[48] McLoyd 1998; Milburn and Conrad 1996;
Straus and Yodanis 1996; Noller 1994; Straus 1994; Steinberg 1990.
[49] Brody and Flor 1998; McLoyd 1998;
Baumrind 1996; Larzelere 1996; García Coll, Meyer, and Brillon 1995; Dobson
1992
[50] Brody and Flor 1998; McLoyd 1997;
Baumrind 1996; Larzelere 1996; Dobson 1992.
[51] Eberly and Montemayor 1999; Gray and
Steinberg 1999b; Jarrett 1999, 1997; Schneider and Stevenson 1999; Brody and
Flor 1998; Miller 1998; Holden 1997; U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services 1997; Chamberlain and Patterson 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and
Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994; Zill and Nord 1994; Collins 1990.
[52]
Collins et al. 2000; Steinberg 2000; Resnick et al. 1997; Steinberg and Levine
1997; Riera 1995. [53] Bostrom 2000b;
Jarrett 1999, 1997; Resnick et al. 1997; Wallace and Williams 1997; Garbarino
and Kostelny 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994;
Coleman and Hendry 1990. [54]
Grotevant et al. 2000; McAdoo 1999b; Brodzinsky, Smith, and Brodzinsky 1998;
Phinney and Kohatsu 1997; Tatum 1997; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996;
Ward 1996; Brooks 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Harrison et
al. 1990.
[55] Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Frydenberg
1997; Holden 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994;
Coleman and Hendry 1990; Hauser and Bowlds 1990.
[56] Schneider and Stevenson 1999; Carnegie
Council 1995; Louis Harris 1995; Coleman and Hendry 1990; Hayden as cited in
Steinberg 1990, p. 14; Youniss and Smollar 1985.
[57] Collins et al. 2000; Gray and Steinberg
1999b; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff,
and Brooks-Gunn 1995
[58]
Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Coleman and
Hendry 1990. [59] McAdoo 1999b; Gibbs 1998a; Clarke 1997; McLoyd 1997; Taylor
1997; Kegan 1994; Eccles et al. 1993; Savin-Williams and Rodriguez 1993; Bosma
and Jackson 1990; Hauser and Bowlds 1990.
[60] Steinberg 2000; Schneider and Stevenson
1999; Coles 1997; Holden 1997; Ward 1996; Carnegie Council 1995; Kegan 1994;
Noller 1994; Hauser 1991
[61] Doherty 1997; Phinney and Kohatsu 1997;
Mahdi, Christopher, and Meade 1996; Kagan 1986. [62] Moore, Rosenthal, and Mitchell 1996;
Carnegie Council 1995; Strasburger 1995; Steinberg 1991b. [63] Diamond and Hopson 1998; Graber,
Brooks-Gunn, and Petersen 1996; Carnegie Council 1995.
[64] Read 2000; McAdoo 1999b; McCubbin et al.
1999, 1998a,b; García Coll, Surrey, and Weingarten 1998; Tatum 1997; Taylor and
Wang 1997; McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996; Hodapp 1995; Savin-Williams
and Rodriguez 1993.
[65] Harter 1999; Jarrett 1999; Diamond and
Hopson 1998; Carnegie Council 1995.
[66] Diamond and Hopson 1998; Shulman and
Seiffge-Krenke 1997; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and Brooks-Gunn 1995; Noller 1994;
Hauser and Bowlds 1990.
[67] Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Jarrett 1999;
Schneider and Stevenson 1999; Brody and Flor 1998; Dryfoos 1998; Holden 1997;
Carnegie Council 1995; Holmbeck, Paikoff, and BrooksGunn 1995; Zill and Nord
1994; Youniss and Smollar 1985.
[68]
LeMenestral 2000; Bornstein 1998; Smith et al. 1994; Small and Eastman
1991.
[69] Bell and Quick 1999; Garbarino 1999;
Gray and Steinberg 1999b; Scales and Leffert 1999; Laub and Lauritsen 1998;
McLoyd 1998, 1997; Galambos and Ehrenberg 1997.
[70] Furstenberg et al. 1999; Schulenberg,
Maggs, and Hurrelmann 1997; Carnegie Council 1995.
[71] See Furstenberg et al. 1999 on family
management; Myers-Walls 1999; Smith et al. 1994; and Small and Eastman 1991 on
advocacy; LeVine 1997 on sponsorship; Jarrett 1999 on community bridging; and
Laub and Lauritsen 1998 on social capital.
[72] Damon 1999; Furstenberg et al. 1999;
Laub and Lauritsen 1998; McLoyd 1998; Clarke 1997; Damon 1997; Holden 1997;
Eccles and Harold 1996; Eccles, Lord, and Roeser 1996; Steinberg and Darling 1994;
Csikszentmihalyi et al. 1993.
[73] Eccles et al. 1993.
[74]
Larson 2000; Youth Development 2000; Jarrett 1999; Newman 1999; Damon 1997;
Youniss and Yates 1997; Côté and Allahar 1996; Hamilton 1990.
[75] Rhodes in press.
[76] Furstenberg et al. 1999; Jarrett 1999;
Galambos and Ehrenberg 1997; Carnegie Council 1995.
[77] Read 2000; MyersWalls 1999; Greenspan
1998.
[78] Zeldin, Camino, and Wheeler 2000; Benson
et al. 1998; Damon 1997.
79] Damon 1999;
Furstenberg et al. 1999; McLoyd 1998; Carnegie Council 1995; Smith et al. 1994;
Steinberg and Darling 1994; Small 1990
هامش " أولاً لا تسيء :
[1]
Daro forthcoming; Schoen et al. 1998, 1997; Hutchinson and Langlykke 1997; Van
der Kolk, McFarlane, and Weisaeth 1996; Straus 1994; Council on Scientific
Affairs 1993; Trickett and Weinstein 1991; Garbarino and Gilliam 1980.
[2] Diamond, Savin-Williams, and Dube 1999;
Hutchinson and Langlykke 1997; Benson 1993; Rickel and Hendren 1993.
[3] Sedlak and Broadhurst 1996; Feindler and
Becker 1994.
[4] Snyder and Sickmund 1999; Feindler and
Becker 1994.
[5] Schoen et al. 1998, 1997.
[6] Daro forthcoming; Schoen et al. 1998,
1997; Hutchinson and Langlykke 1997; Benson 1993.
[7] Daro forthcoming.
[8] Schoen et al. 1998, 1997
[9] Eron, Gentry, and
Schlegel 1994.
[10] Daro forthcoming; Poussaint and
Alexander 2000; Garbarino 1996; Feindler and Becker 1994; Council on Scientific
Affairs 1993.
[11] Bradley 1997; Noller 1994; Council on
Scientific Affairs 1993.
[12] Daro forthcoming; Kindlon and Thompson
1999; Snyder and Sickmund 1999; Wiehe 1991.
[13] Finkelhor 1995; Feindler and Becker
1994; Council on Scientific Affairs 1993; Trickett and Weinstein 1991;
Garbarino et al. 1986; Garbarino and Gilliam 1980; Lourie 1979.
[14] Snyder and Sickmund 1999; Trickett and
Weinstein 1991.
[15] U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services 1999; Sedlak and Broadhurst 1996.
[16] Daro forthcoming; Garbarino and
Garbarino 1993.
[17] Sedlak and Broadhurst 1996.
[18] McAdoo 1999a,b; Taylor and Wang 1997.
[19]
Daro forthcoming.
[20] Garbarino and Garbarino 1993.
[21] Schoen et al. 1998, 1997.
[22] Snyder and Sickmund 1999.
[23] Daro forthcoming; Hutchinson and
Langlykke 1997.
[24] Snyder and Sickmund 1999; Elliott,
Hamburg, and Williams 1998; Hutchinson and Langlykke 1997.
[25] Hutchinson and Langlykke 1997.
[26] Schoen et al. 1997.
[27] Daro forthcoming.
هامش توصيات العمل المستقبلي
[1]
Simpson 1997.
[2] Dungan-Seaver 1999; DeJong and Winsten
1998; Communications Consortium 1996; Dombro et al. 1996; Backer 1995; Maibach
and Parrott 1995; Wallack et al. 1993; Backer, Rogers, and Sopory 1992; Office
of National Drug Control Policy n.d.
[3] See, for example, Duffett, Johnson, and
Farkas 1999; Galinsky 1999; Hewlett and West 1998; Freedman-Doan et al. 1993;
Youniss, DeSantis, and Henderson 1992.
[4] Wooden 2000.
[5] Galinsky 1999.
[6] Galinsky 2000.
[7] FrameWorks Institute 2000.
[8] DeJong and Winsten 1998, 1990; Glik et al.
1997; Steckler et al. 1995; Montgomery 1990, 1989.
[9] Dombro et al. 1996.
10]
For examples of exceptions among trade books, see Siegler 1997; Steinberg and
Levine 1997; Tatum 1997; Elkind 1994, 198
[11]
See, for example, Mertensmeyer and Fine 2000
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